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- ELF, VDTs, Health and Safety: Apple's Official Policy
-
-
- Article Created: 5 April 1991
- Article Last Reviewed:
- Article Last Updated:
-
- TOPIC -----------------------------------------------------------
-
- What is Apple's policy regarding VDTs, electromagnetic emissions, and
- health?
-
- DISCUSSION -------------------------------------------------------
-
- Apple Computer, Inc.
- Corporate Statement on Video Display Health Issues
- May 29, 1990
-
- Apple’s Corporate Position
-
- Apple Computer is committed to making products safe. That’s why we meet or
- exceed every safety standard, not because we have to, but because we want
- to. Based on the prevailing opinion of the scientific community, Apple
- believes that computer monitors are safe. However, with any scientific
- issue there is a diversity of opinion. We are open-minded to new
- scientific evidence and in fact encourage research in this area.
-
- Apple’s Monitoring Activity
-
- Apple’s products are constantly tested and compared against existing and
- proposed international standards. We continuously follow scientific
- developments in the field of computer health and safety. Members of
- Apple’s Environmental Health and Safety group as well as representatives
- within Product Development, Product Marketing and Engineering Services keep
- track of new findings.
-
- Apple is also a board member of the Center for Office Technology (contact
- is O. Bruce Dickerson 212-560-1298), a clearing house for more information
- related to health issues and office automation equipment. In addition,
- Apple is currently setting up a program to sponsor dedicated academic
- research in the low-frequency radiation field.
-
- Scientific Opinion
-
- The low level of intensity of the fields emitted from VDTs is not
- considered harmful by the American Medical Association, the American
- College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the National Institute for
- Occupational Safety and Health and the World Health Organization, among
- others.
-
- Recently, the issue of the possible effects of prolonged exposure to
- extremely low frequency electromagneitc emissions has been raised. The
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has said (see New York Times 5/23/90)
- that the evidence on the issue is so far inconclusive. The EPA’s office of
- health and environmental assessment has suggested further study on the ELF
- issue. Apple also supports additional research so that we can continue to
- act responsibly, ensuring the health and safety of our customers and
- employees.
-
-
- Question and Answers
-
- • What is Apple’s position on the VDT-emission health issue?
-
- Apple is committed to making products as safe as can be. Based on the
- prevailing opinion of the scientific community Apple believes that
- televisions and computers are safe. However with any scientific issue
- there is a diversity of opinion. We are open-minded to new scientific
- evidence and in fact encourage it.
-
- • What are the health concerns regarding VDTs?
-
- A number of studies link intensive computer use to health problems such as
- musculoskeletal disorders, eyestrain, fatigue, and headaches. These
- problems are well understood and medical experts have suggested effective
- methods for preventing them.
-
- There is also a growing public concern throughout the world about potential
- health risks related to the low-frequency electromagnetic fields emitted by
- VDTs and other electric products, which all operate at the AC line
- frequency of 50 and 60 Hz such as electric blankets, televisions, and power
- lines.
-
- Although most scientists and computer experts maintain that low-frequency
- electromagnetic emissions are harmless, others assert that not enough is
- known to say with certainty that they are safe. Most everyone agrees that
- more research is necessary before any conclusions can be made.
-
- • What are the government regulations for VDT emissions?
-
- X-ray emissions are strictly regulated by international law. In the US,
- this law is administered by the FDA’s Dept. of Health and Human Services.
- All Apple displays are designed and tested to emit well below the level
- permitted.
-
- Radio frequency emissions can interfere with radio and TV transmissions and
- are also regulated internationally. In the US, limits are mandated by the
- Federal Communications Commission.
-
- In Sweden government-industry cooperatives have set limits for VLF
- radiation from VDTs. These limits do not appear to be based on data from
- health studies, but rather are based on general, achievable guidelines for
- reducing emissions.
-
- No government regulations exist in any country limiting ELF emissions.
-
- • What is Apple doing to follow and participate in research in the VDT
- health field?
-
- Apple’s products are constantly tested and compared against existing and
- proposed international standards.
-
- We continuously follow scientific developments in the field of VDT health
- and safety. Members of Apple’s Environmental Health and Safety group as
- well as representatives within Product Development, Product Marketing and
- Engineering Services keep track of new findings.
-
- Apple is a board member of the Center for Office Technology, a
- clearinghouse for information related to health issues and office
- automation equipment.
-
- In addition, Apple is currently setting up a program to sponsor dedicated
- academic research in the low-frequency emissions field.
-
- • How does Apple respond to increasing government legislative activity
- concerning VDT’s?
-
- We welcome government’s inquiry into the safety of VDT’s, and support the
- adoption of standards once generally agreed upon limits and a testing
- methodology emerge from research.
-
- Product Issues
-
- • Will Apple take steps to lower VLF and ELF emissions in its products?
-
- Based on the prevailing opinion of the scientific community, we do not
- believe it is necessary to lower the ELF emissions of our computer
- monitors. In fact, scientific research so far has not been able to
- establish guidelines for emission levels. However Apple is closely
- following the issue so that we may continue to ensure the health and safety
- of our customers and employees.
-
- • How might this radiation be reduced?
-
- Currently emissions can be reduced through a combination of circuit board
- design, component selection, field cancellation coils, metallic shielding
- and surface coatings.
-
- • Will you comment on IBM’s announcement to lower emissions in its
- monitors?
-
- IBM announced it will offer monitors which feature reduced VLF emissions.
- (See Wall Street Journal 11/22/89) They have clearly positioned these
- products as a response to market demand, rather than to health and safety
- concern. IBM’s products are not currently shielded for ELF radiation.
-
- • What are the levels of ELF and VLF emissions by Apple’s VDTs?
-
- Apple feels that it would be inappropriate to make these figures public
- because there is currently no standardized testing methodology or
- established guidelines by which to make comparisons.
-
- • What is Apple’s comment on the MacWorld article?
-
- Regarding the Article: The MacWorld article calls for industry to address
- the VDT emission issue. Apple encourages further research on low-frequency
- emissions.
-
- • Regarding the Measurements:
-
- We do not believe it is appropriate to comment on the measurements of the
- Macintosh monitors that were published in the July 1990 issue because there
- is currently no standardized testing methodology or established guidelines
- by which to make comparisons.
-
- • Regarding the Health Conclusions:
-
- With any scientific issue there is a diversity of opinion. The MacWorld
- article excluded a large body of studies that discount a link between VDT
- use and a biological effect--for example: The University of Calgary,
- Alberta, Canada, 1989 Epidemilogical Study on VDT Use and Spontaneous
- Abortion Risk; The University of Toronto,1989 Rodent Reproductive Study;
- the Institute of Research for the Health and Safety of Workers, Montreal,
- Quebec 1984 Survey on VDTs and Pregnancy; and the 1985 Finnish Case
- Reference Study - Birth Defects and Exposure to VDTs During Pregnancy.
- The specific studies referenced by MacWorld raise valid questions but do
- not conclude a health risk for the computer user. We encourage futher
- scientific research.
-
- Background on VDT Radiation
-
- • What is radiation?
-
- Are there different kinds? Radiation involves a transfer of energy by waves
- or particles. There are two types of radiation. Ionizing radiation, such
- as X-rays, has proven to be damaging to living cells. Non-ionizing
- radiation is far less potent, and includes visible light, radio waves, and
- low frequency electromagnetic emissions.
-
- • What kind of radiation do VDTs emit?
-
- Like television sets, VDTs may emit X-rays (ionizing radiation) at or near
- naturally occuring background levels. VDTs also give off non-ionizing
- radiation in the form of infrared light (heat), visible light, radio waves,
- and low frequency electromagnetic emissions. Apple’s displays do not give
- off ultraviolet or microwave radiation in appreciable levels.
-
- • What is ELF and VLF radiation?
-
- Low-frequency radiation, a form of non-ionizing radiation, is generally
- divided into two groups: very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low
- frequency (ELF). VLF radiation falls into the frequency bandwidth between
- 30 and 150kHz, while ELF radiation refers to frequencies below 30 kHz. The
- intensity level of this radiation emitted by VDTs is comparable to that
- emitted by household electrical appliances.
-
- • Is VLF or ELF radiation dangerous?
-
- The prevailing opinion of the scientific community is that exposure to low
- frequency emissions does not pose a significant health risk. Available
- data indicate the human body absorbs only a minimal amount of radiation
- below 200 kHz. The low level of intensity of the fields emitted from VDTs
- is not considered harmful by the American Medical Association, the American
- College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the National Institute for
- Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the World Health Organization,
- among others.
-
- However, with any scientific issue there is a diversity of opinion. There
- are several studies which suggest that long-term exposure to pulsed ELF
- fields (such as those emitted by VDTs) can result in biological changes to
- cells.
-
- Because valid questions have been raised, Apple encourages further research
- on low frequency radiation. In fact, we are currently setting up a program
- to sponsor dedicated academic research in the low-frequency radiation
- field. We intend to continue monitoring the results of this research so
- that we can act responsibly to ensure the health and safety of our
- customers and employees.
-
-
-
- Copyright 1991, Apple Computer, Inc.
-
-